 |
| First there was the 1B: Raspberry Pi One Model B. |
Now out of production, the Raspberry Pi One Model B was released in 2012, earlier than the Model A. I had a few lying unused in my parts box, some damaged by defective power supplies, but mostly superseded by better versions like the Pi 2, 3 and 4s. The Pi 1 Model B was the slowest, had only 512MB DRAM and used the sdcard as mass storage. The USB functionality was questionable: the LAN chip was internally routed through the USB bus which crippled its throughput. And since the Pi was always touchy about its 5V input power adding basic functionality like keyboard, hdmi USB was always a hit and miss affair.
 |
| Left: sdcard, right: micro-sdcard |
The sdcard is getting very hard to find. You find micro-sdcard with an adapter but these tend to develop contact problems and corrupt the onboard filesystem. To make matters worse, a Pi Model B which cannot boot will have no indication: there is just that red power LED on and nothing else, and it looks pretty much like a dead Pi. Some 60% of my discarded Pi 1s simply had microsd adapter contact problems and could not boot.
On the plus side, the Pi 1 drew the least power amongst the Pi series which meant most old Android phone chargers could power it. It also had audio and video jacks, which were very handy with retro electronics.
I managed put one to use monitoring my solar panel, but most of the little jobs are better served by the ESP8266 or the Microchip PIC. If only the Raspberry Pi Model B could run OpenCV; with a bit of nifty image processing, it might find a use, perhaps to check if my front gate has been left open, or the air conditioner left running, or if the smoke alarm is beeping.
Most of the time, the Pi 3 is the minimum recommended model, but there is no mention Raspberry Pi One cannot be used. No harm trying; and since the install process can be left alone, it is easily done on the side.
 |
| Raspberry Pi 1 Model B Rev 2 with infamous microsd adapter |
$dd if=2021-10-30-raspios-bullseye-armhf-lite.img of=/dev/sdc
After the standard install of Raspbian, I use raspi-config to turn on the ssh server and set a fixed ethernetIP. It can then be used as a headless (ie no monitor or keyboard) system via ssh from a host laptop or desktop. After which there is the usual obligatory
# apt-get update --allow-releaseinfo-change
# apt-get upgrade
And the Pi model:
root@pi:~# cat /sys/firmware/devicetree/base/model
Raspberry Pi Model B Rev 2
Jeremy Morgan's OpenCV install worked for my Pi 3 before, but now instead it stops:
Looking in indexes: https://pypi.org/simple, https://www.piwheels.org/simple
Collecting opencv-contrib-python
Downloading opencv-contrib-python-4.5.4.60.tar.gz (150.7 MB)
|��������������������������������| 150.4 MB 93 kB/s eta 0:00:04Killed
From 'dmesg -T' it looks like I ran out of memory:
[Tue Nov 23 18:03:30 2021] [ 5714] 0 5714 87141 21594 104 0
21597 0 pip
[Tue Nov 23 18:03:30 2021] Out of memory: Kill process 5714 (pip) score 349 or sacrifice child
[Tue Nov 23 18:03:30 2021] Killed process 5714 (pip) total-vm:348564kB, anon-rss
:86376kB, file-rss:0kB, shmem-rss:0kB
[Tue Nov 23 18:03:30 2021] oom_reaper: reaped process 5714 (pip), now anon-rss:0
kB, file-rss:0kB, shmem-rss:0kB
My free memory is:
# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 369 18 285 0 65 304
Swap: 15358 21 15337
And I can get a litte more by editing the boot partition's config.txt:
# vi /boot/config.txt
Add:
gpu_mem=16
And comment out
#start_x=1
After a reboot I get more memory:
# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 477 31 338 6 106 390
Swap: 99 0 99
But this is still not enough. Now I could increase the swap file in my micro sdcard, but the thrashing might wear it out as the number of write operations is limited. Instead I used one of the many ancient thumbdrives, discarded just because of their low capacities. I ended up using a compactflash card for its speed:
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=1M count=1024
# mkswap /dev/sda
# pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel
# swapon /dev/sda
# pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel
# python -m pip install --upgrade pip
# pip3 install opencv-contrib-python
pip seems to have gone walkabout so,
# ln -s /usr/local/bin/pip /usr/bin/pip
Failure:
# pip install opencv-contrib-python
File "setup.py", line 381, in _classify_installed_files_override
with open(os.path.join(cmake_install_dir, "python", "cv2", "__init__.py"),
'r') as opencv_init:
FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '_skbuild/linux-armv6l
-3.7/cmake-install/python/cv2/__init__.py'
----------------------------------------
ERROR: Failed building wheel for opencv-contrib-python
Failed to build opencv-contrib-python
ERROR: Could not build wheels for opencv-contrib-python, which is required to in
stall pyproject.toml-based projects
Vishwesh Shrimali's instructions seem promising, and his minimum requirement is for a Pi 2. There are more separate bash commands which increases the chances for a successful debug. Since a fail is near certain, I chose to key in the commands manually instead of running Shrimali's script.
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y purge wolfram-engine
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y purge libreoffice*
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y clean
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y autoremove
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt -y update
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt -y upgrade
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y remove x264 libx264-dev
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y install build-essential checkinstall
cmake pkg-config yasm
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y install git gfortran
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y install libjpeg8-dev libjasper-dev libpng12-dev
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y install libtiff5-dev
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y install libtiff-dev
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y install libxine2-dev libv4l-dev
root@pi:/root/opencv# cd /usr/include/linux
root@pi:/usr/include/linux# ln -s -f ../libv4l1-videodev.h videodev.h
root@pi:/usr/include/linux# cd $cwd
root@pi:/root/opencv#
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y install libgstreamer0.10-dev libgstreamer-plugins-base0.10-dev
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y install libgtk2.0-dev libtbb-dev qt5-default
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y install libatlas-base-dev
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y install libmp3lame-dev libtheora-dev
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y install libvorbis-dev libxvidcore-dev libx264-dev
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y install libopencore-amrnb-dev libopencore-amrwb-dev
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y install libavresample-dev
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y install x264 v4l-utils
The following are optional:
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y install libprotobuf-dev protobuf-compiler
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y install libgoogle-glog-dev libgflags-dev
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y install libgphoto2-dev libeigen3-dev libhdf5-dev doxygen
Required python libraries
root@pi:/root/opencv# apt-get -y install python3-dev python3-pip
Virtual environment:
fred@pi:~/opencv $ python3 -m venv OpenCV-4.0-py3
fred@pi:~/opencv $ echo "# Virtual Environment Wrapper" >> ~/.bashrc
fred@pi:~/opencv $ echo "alias workoncv-4.0=\"source /root/opencv/OpenCV-4.0-py3/bin/activate\"" >> ~/.bashrc
fred@pi:~/opencv $ source /root/opencv/OpenCV-4.0-py3/bin/activate(OpenCV-4.0-py3) fred@pi:~/opencv $
Increase the swap file from 100 to 1024:
(OpenCV-4.0-py3) fred@pi:~/opencv $ sudo sed -i 's/CONF_SWAPSIZE=100/CONF_SWAPSIZE=1024/g' /etc/dphys-swapfile
(OpenCV-4.0-py3) fred@pi:~/opencv $ sudo /etc/init.d/dphys-swapfile stop
[ ok ] Stopping dphys-swapfile (via systemctl): dphys-swapfile.service.
(OpenCV-4.0-py3) fred@pi:~/opencv $ sudo /etc/init.d/dphys-swapfile start
[ ok ] Starting dphys-swapfile (via systemctl): dphys-swapfile.service.
(OpenCV-4.0-py3) fred@pi:~/opencv $ pip install numpy dlib
(OpenCV-4.0-py3) fred@pi:~/opencv $ deactivate
This is an over 400MB porker of a file:
fred@pi:~/opencv $ git clone https://github.com/opencv/opencv.git
In retrospect I should have checked out 4.0.1 as having cv2.drawKeypoints() would have been handy.
fred@pi:~/opencv/opencv $ git checkout 4.0.0
fred@pi:~/opencv $ git clone https://github.com/opencv/opencv_contrib.git
fred@pi:~/opencv $ cd opencv_contrib
fred@pi:~/opencv/opencv_contrib $ git checkout 4.0.0
Then comes the config:
fred@pi:~/opencv/opencv/build $ cmake -D CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RELEASE -D CMAKE
_INSTALL_PREFIX=/home/heong/opencv/installation/OpenCV-4.0 -D INSTALL_C_EXAMPLES
=ON -D INSTALL_PYTHON_EXAMPLES=ON -D WITH_TBB=ON -D WITH_V4L=ON -D OPENCV_PYTHON3_INSTALL_PATH=/home/heong/opencv/OpenCV-4.0-py3/lib/python3.5/site-packages -D WITH_QT=ON -D WITH_OPENGL=ON -D OPENCV_EXTRA_MODULES_PATH=../../opencv_contrib/modules -D BUILD_EXAMPLES=ON ..
Now for the make:
fred@pi:~/opencv/opencv/build $ CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local
fred@pi:~/opencv/opencv/build $ export CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX
fred@pi:~/opencv/opencv/build $ make
Produces the error
In file included from /home/fred/opencv/opencv_contrib/modules/cvv/src/qtutil/f
ilter/sobelfilterwidget.cpp:3:
/home/heong/opencv/opencv/modules/imgproc/include/opencv2/imgproc.hpp:208:5: not
e: �FILTER_SCHARR�
FILTER_SCHARR = -1
^~~~~~~~~~~~~
make[2]: *** [modules/cvv/CMakeFiles/opencv_cvv.dir/build.make:453: modules/cvv/
CMakeFiles/opencv_cvv.dir/src/qtutil/filter/sobelfilterwidget.cpp.o] Error 1
make[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/Makefile2:12676: modules/cvv/CMakeFiles/opencv_cvv.dir/
all] Error 2
make: *** [Makefile:163: all] Error 2
From Nobuo Tsukamoto, in the file /home/fred/opencv/opencv_contrib/modules/cvv/src/qtutil/f
ilter/sobelfilterwidget.cpp added 'using namespace cv;' at line 13 thus:
#include "../../util/util.hpp"
#include "../filterfunctionwidget.hpp"
#include "../filterselectorwidget.hpp"
using namespace cv; // cmheong 2021-11-29
namespace cvv
{
namespace qtutil
{
SobelFilterWidget::SobelFilterWidget(QWidget *parent)
After which
fred@pi:~/opencv/opencv/build $ make
Produces the error
Scanning dependencies of target example_cpp_detect_mser
[ 89%] Building CXX object samples/cpp/CMakeFiles/example_cpp_detect_mser.dir/detect_mser.cpp.o
/home/fred/opencv/opencv/samples/cpp/detect_mser.cpp:28:10: fatal error: GL/glu.h: No such file or directory
#include <GL/glu.h>
^~~~~~~~~~
compilation terminated.
make[2]: *** [samples/cpp/CMakeFiles/example_cpp_detect_mser.dir/build.make:63:
samples/cpp/CMakeFiles/example_cpp_detect_mser.dir/detect_mser.cpp.o] Error 1
make[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/Makefile2:29519: samples/cpp/CMakeFiles/example_cpp_det
ect_mser.dir/all] Error 2
make: *** [Makefile:163: all] Error 2
From RajkiranVeldur, just do
root@pi:~# apt-get install libglfw3-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libglu1-mesa-dev
After which
fred@pi:~/opencv/opencv/build $ make
Produces the link error
[ 89%] Linking CXX executable ../../bin/example_cpp_detect_mser
/usr/bin/ld: CMakeFiles/example_cpp_detect_mser.dir/detect_mser.cpp.o: in functi
on `draw(void*)':
detect_mser.cpp:(.text.startup.main+0x1c70): undefined reference to `gluPerspect
ive'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make[2]: *** [samples/cpp/CMakeFiles/example_cpp_detect_mser.dir/build.make:134:
bin/example_cpp_detect_mser] Error 1
make[1]: *** [CMakeFiles/Makefile2:29519: samples/cpp/CMakeFiles/example_cpp_det
ect_mser.dir/all] Error 2
make: *** [Makefile:163: all] Error 2
regpa mentioned that I need openGLU.so, but a brute-force search could not come up with one:
fred@pi:~/opencv/opencv/build $ sudo ls -lR / | grep -e openGLU
fred@pi:~/opencv/opencv/build $
There is however, a file called libGLU.so mentioned by gs:
fred@pi:~/opencv/opencv/build $ sudo ls -lR / 2>/dev/null | grep -e GLU.so
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Sep 20 2015 libGLU.so -> libGLU.so.1.3.1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Sep 20 2015 libGLU.so.1 -> libGLU.so.1.3.1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 358228 Sep 20 2015 libGLU.so.1.3.1
Added it to 2 separate files link.txt:
fred@pi:~/opencv/opencv/build $ cat samples/opengl/CMakeFiles/example_open
gl_opengl.dir/link.txt
/usr/bin/c++ -fsigned-char -W -Wall -Werror=return-type -Werror=non-virtual-
dtor -Werror=address -Werror=sequence-point -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wm
issing-declarations -Wundef -Winit-self -Wpointer-arith -Wshadow -Wsign-promo -W
uninitialized -Winit-self -Wno-narrowing -Wno-delete-non-virtual-dtor -Wno-comme
nt -Wimplicit-fallthrough=3 -Wno-strict-overflow -fdiagnostics-show-option -pthr
ead -fomit-frame-pointer -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -mfp16-format=ieee
-fvisibility=hidden -fvisibility-inlines-hidden -O3 -DNDEBUG -DNDEBUG -Wl,-
-gc-sections CMakeFiles/example_opengl_opengl.dir/opengl.cpp.o -o ../../bin/e
xample_opengl_opengl -Wl,-rpath,/home/heong/opencv/opencv/build/lib -ldl -lm -l
pthread -lrt /usr/lib/arm-linux-gnueabihf/libGL.so ../../lib/libopencv_highgui.s
o.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_videoio.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_imgcodecs.so.4.
0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_imgproc.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_core.so.4.0.0 /usr/
lib/arm-linux-gnueabihf/libGLU.so
fred@pi:~/opencv/opencv/build $ cat samples/cpp/CMakeFiles/example_cpp_det
ect_mser.dir/link.txt
/usr/bin/c++ -fsigned-char -W -Wall -Werror=return-type -Werror=non-virtual-
dtor -Werror=address -Werror=sequence-point -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wm
issing-declarations -Wundef -Winit-self -Wpointer-arith -Wshadow -Wsign-promo -W
uninitialized -Winit-self -Wno-narrowing -Wno-delete-non-virtual-dtor -Wno-comme
nt -Wimplicit-fallthrough=3 -Wno-strict-overflow -fdiagnostics-show-option -pthr
ead -fomit-frame-pointer -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -mfp16-format=ieee
-fvisibility=hidden -fvisibility-inlines-hidden -O3 -DNDEBUG -DNDEBUG -Wl,-
-gc-sections CMakeFiles/example_cpp_detect_mser.dir/detect_mser.cpp.o -o ../.
./bin/example_cpp_detect_mser -Wl,-rpath,/home/heong/opencv/opencv/build/lib -l
dl -lm -lpthread -lrt /usr/lib/arm-linux-gnueabihf/libGL.so ../../lib/libopencv_
gapi.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_stitching.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_aruco.s
o.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_bgsegm.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_bioinspired.so.4
.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_ccalib.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_cvv.so.4.0.0 ../../
lib/libopencv_dnn_objdetect.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_dpm.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/
libopencv_face.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_freetype.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopenc
v_fuzzy.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_hdf.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_hfs.so.4.0
.0 ../../lib/libopencv_img_hash.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_line_descriptor.so.
4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_reg.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_rgbd.so.4.0.0 ../../l
ib/libopencv_saliency.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_sfm.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libope
ncv_stereo.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_structured_light.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libo
pencv_superres.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_surface_matching.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/
libopencv_tracking.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_videostab.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/lib
opencv_xfeatures2d.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_xobjdetect.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/li
bopencv_xphoto.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_shape.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_p
hase_unwrapping.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_optflow.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopenc
v_ximgproc.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_datasets.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_pl
ot.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_text.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_ml.so.4.0.0 ..
/../lib/libopencv_dnn.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_video.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libo
pencv_photo.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_objdetect.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_
calib3d.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_features2d.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_fla
nn.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_highgui.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_videoio.so.
4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_imgcodecs.so.4.0.0 ../../lib/libopencv_imgproc.so.4.0.
0 ../../lib/libopencv_core.so.4.0.0 /usr/lib/arm-linux-gnueabihf/libGLU.so
After which
fred@pi:~/opencv/opencv/build $ make
Completes successfully. But there is still the installation. Set the environment variable CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX so that:
fred@pi:~/opencv/opencv/build $ echo $CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX
/usr/local
fred@pi:~/opencv/opencv/build $ sudo make install
And a quick test run:
fred@pi:~/opencv/opencv/build $ source /home/fred/opencv/OpenCV-4.0-py3/bin/activate
(OpenCV-4.0-py3) fred@pi:~/opencv/opencv/build $ python
Python 3.7.3 (default, Jan 22 2021, 20:04:44)
[GCC 8.3.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import cv2
>>> print(cv2.__version__)
4.0.0
>>> quit()
And there you have it, Raspberry Pi 1 Model B Rev 2, the littlest computer that could OpenCV.
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